Noun Rules

Rule 1
कुछ Nouns का प्रयोग हमेशा Plural form में ही होता है। इन Nouns के अन्त में लगे s को हटाकर, इन्हें Singular नहीं बनाया जा सकता। ये दिखने में भी Plural लगते हैं, एवं इनका प्रयोग भी Plural की तरह होता है। ऐसे Nouns निम्न हैं:

Scissors
tongs (चिमटा)
pliers
pincers (चिमटी)
bellows (फूंकनी)
trousers
pants
pajamas
shorts
gallows (फाँसी का फंदा)
fangs (डंक)
spectacles
goggles
binoculars (दूरबीन)
eyeglasses
Alms (दान)
amends (संशोधन)
archives (ऐतहासिक दस्तावेज)
arrears (बकाया)
auspices (संरक्षण)
congratulations
embers (राख)
fireworks
lodgings (आवास/ तंबू/ छोटे घर)
outskirts (सरहद)
particulars
proceeds (आगम)
regards (सम्मान)
riches
remains (अवशेष)
savings
shambles (खंडहर)
surroundings
tidings (ख़बर/ समाचार)
troops (सैनिकों)
tactics (कार्यनीति/ युद्ध-नीति)
thanks
valuables
wages
belongings (सामान)

Examples:

1. She used the scissors to cut the paper.
2. He picked up the hot coal with the tongs.
3. The mechanic used pliers to fix the car.
4. The farmer used pincers to remove the nails from the fence.
5. The blacksmith used the bellows to fan the fire.
6. He wore new trousers to the party.
7. My pants are too tight after the holiday season.
8. He bought new pajamas for the winter.
9. He wore shorts to the beach during the summer.
10. The criminals were executed on the gallows.
11. The snake showed its sharp fangs.
12. He forgot his spectacles at home.
13. She wore goggles while swimming in the pool.
14. The birdwatcher used binoculars to get a closer look.
15. She cleaned her eyeglasses before reading the book.
16. The poor man received alms from the passersby.
17. He made amends for his mistake by apologizing.
18. The archives contain historical documents of great importance.
19. He paid off his rent arrears after several months.
20. The event was held under the auspices of the local government.
21. Congratulations on your promotion!
22. The embers from the fire glowed softly in the dark.
23. The fireworks lit up the sky on New Year’s Eve.
24. They found lodgings for the night at a nearby hotel.
25. They live on the outskirts of the city.
26. Please provide the particulars of the event.
27. The proceeds from the charity event will go to the orphanage.
28. Please send my regards to your family.
29. He spent his riches on luxurious items.
30. The remains of the old castle can still be seen on the hill.
31. She invested her savings in a secure bank account.
32. After the storm, the town was left in shambles.
33. He admired the beautiful surroundings while hiking.
34. They brought tidings of good news to the village.
35. The troops marched through the streets during the parade.
36. The coach changed the tactics in the second half of the game.
37. I want to express my thanks for your help.
38. She kept her valuables in a safe at home.
39. He received his wages at the end of the month.
40. She packed her belongings into the suitcase before leaving.


Wages' का प्रयोग singular एवं plural दोनो forms में किया जा सकता है। निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को देखें-

Wages (मजदूरी) (Plural)
Wages are paid in cash.

Wage (परिणाम) (Singular)
Wages of hard work is sweet.

Rule 2
कुछ Nouns दिखने में Plural लगते हैं लेकिन अर्थ में Singular होते है। इनका प्रयोग हमेशा Singular में ही होता है। जैसे:

News
Innings
Politics
Summons (बुलवाना)
Physics
Economics
Ethics (नीति)
Mathematics
Mumps (कण्ठमाला का रोग)
Measles (चेचक)
Rickets
Shingles (दाद)
Billiards
Athletics etc.


यहां पर दिए गए हर एक शब्द के लिए एक वाक्य प्रस्तुत कर रहा हूँ:

1. The news about the earthquake was shocking.
2. His innings were full of excitement and surprises.
3. Politics is a complicated subject that requires deep understanding.
4. He received a summons to appear in court next week.
5. Physics is a branch of science that deals with matter and energy.
6. Economics is often referred to as the study of scarcity and choice.
7. Ethics plays a major role in decision-making in the corporate world.
8. Mathematics is essential for solving real-world problems.
9. He was diagnosed with mumps and had to stay home for a few days.
10. Measles is a highly contagious viral disease.
11. Rickets can be prevented by ensuring an adequate intake of vitamin D.
12. Shingles usually causes a painful rash that appears on one side of the body.
13. He is excellent at playing billiards and often wins in competitions.
14. Athletics is a popular sport in many countries around the world.

Rule 3
कुछ Nouns दिखने में Singular लगते हैं, लेकिन इनका प्रयोग हमेशा Plural में होता है। जैसे:
cattle
cavalry
infantry
poultry
peasantry
children
gentry
police
people etc.

इनके साथ कभी भी 's' नहीं लगाया जाता, जैसे: cattles, childrens लिखना गलत है।

1. The cattle are grazing in the field.
2. Our infantry have marched forward.
3. The poultry produce fresh eggs daily.
4. The children are playing in the park.
6. The police are investigating the matter seriously.
7. Police have arrested the thieves.
8. The people of the village are celebrating the festival.
9. The cavalry were arriving just in time to defend the fort.
10. The peasantry were working hard to cultivate the land.
11. The gentry were attending the grand ball in the city.

Rule 4
कुछ Nouns का प्रयोग, केवल Singular form में ही किया जाता है। ये Uncountable Nouns हैं। इनके साथ Article A/An का प्रयोग भी नहीं किया जाता है। जैसे:

Scenery
Poetry
Furniture
Advice
Information
Hair
Business
Mischief
Bread
Stationery
Crockery
Luggage
Baggage
Postage (डाक)
Knowledge
Wastage
Jewellery
Breakage
Equipment
Work (Works का अर्थ है साहित्य लेख)
Evidence
Word (जब 'word' का अर्थ वाद, संदेश या परिचर्चा हो), Fuel
Cost.


1. The scenery of Kashmir is very charming.
2. The furniture in the living room needs to be rearranged.
3. I have no information about her residence.
4. His hair is black.
5. The children were up to some mischief in the backyard.
6. I need to buy some bread for breakfast.
7. The crockery in the kitchen is very elegant.
8. The postage for sending this package is quite expensive.
9. The cost of the new laptop is quite high.
10. She loves reading poetry in her free time.
11. I asked for his advice on how to improve my skills.
12. He is doing well in his business.
13. She bought new stationery for the office.
14. They packed their luggage for the trip to Europe.
15. He lost his baggage at the airport.
16. He has extensive knowledge about ancient history.
17. The company is trying to reduce wastage in the production process.
18. She wears expensive jewellery at special occasions.
19. We are responsible for any breakage of items in the store.
20. The gym has state-of-the-art equipment for workouts.
21. She has a lot of work to complete before the deadline.
22. The police found no evidence to support the claims.
23. He gave me his word that he would help me with the project.
24. The car is low on fuel and needs to be refueled.


(i) इन Nouns का बहुवचन नहीं बनाया जा सकता। जैसे: Sceneries, informations, furnitures, hairs इत्यादि लिखना गलत है।
(ii) यदि इन Noun का Singular या Plural दोनों forms में आवश्यकता हो तो, इनके साथ कुछ शब्द जोड़े जाते हैं।

नीचे दिए गये उदाहरण देखेंः

(a) He gave me a piece of information.
(b) All pieces of information given by her were reliable.
(c) Many kinds of furniture are available in that shop.
(d) I want a few articles of jewellery.
(e) He ate two slices of bread.
(f) Please show me some items of office stationery.
(g) The Police have found a strand of hair in the car.


Money का plural form 'Monies' हो सकता है जिसका अर्थ निकलता है 'sums of money'.

जैसे: Monies have been collected and handed to the women's welfare society.

Rule 5
कुछ Nouns, Plural एवं Singular दोनों में एक ही रूप में रहते हैं। जैसे: deer, sheep, series, species, fish, crew, team, jury, aircraft, counsel etc.

Examples:
1. Our team is the best.
2. The teams are practicing for their respective matches.
3. A fish is swimming in the water.
4. There are two fish in the pond.
5. There are many fish in the lake.
6. There are many fishes in the aquarium. ('Fishes' का अर्थ है विभिन्न प्रजातियों के fish)
7. The sheep is grazing on the hill.
8. The sheep are moving in large flocks.
9. This is the first series of books I have ever read.
10. The TV series are getting better with each season.
11. This species of bird is found only in this region.
12. Different species of animals are facing extinction.
13. The crew is preparing for takeoff.
14. The crew of the two ships are working together.
15. The jury has made its decision.
16. The jury of both courts are announcing their decision.
17. The aircraft is ready for flight.
18. Several aircraft are lined up on the runway.
19. The counsel has provided the best advice.
20. The counsel are discussing the case in detail.

21. A deer is grazing in the field.
22. A group of deer was spotted in the forest.
23. A herd of deer were grazing in the meadow.

----" Pehle sentence mein "group" ko refer kiya gaya tha, aur "group" ek singular noun hai, isliye verb bhi singular hona chahiye. "group" ko singular maana jata hai, isliye uske saath verb "was" aata hai, na ki "were."

Agar hum plural sentence banate hain, jahan "deer" ka plural form use ho, toh verb "were" sahi hoga, jaise ki:

"Deer were grazing in the meadow."

Yahaan, "deer" plural hai, isliye verb bhi "were" hona chahiye."----


"group" ke upar 5 sentences diye gaye hain:

1. A group of children is playing in the park.

2. The group of friends has planned a trip to the mountains.

3. A large group of tourists was visiting the museum.

4. The group of musicians performed beautifully at the concert.

5. The group of hikers will be returning from the summit soon.


"Group" ko plural tab maana jayega jab uske andar ka individual members ya elements ko separately count kiya jaaye. Matlab, agar hum group ke har member ko alag se treat karein, toh verb plural ho sakta hai.

1. The members of the group are all excited for the event.

2. The groups of students are studying in different classrooms.

3. The teams of players are preparing for the tournament.

4. The groups of hikers were scattered across the mountain.

5. The different groups in the competition have unique strategies.

Rule 6

Hyphenated noun का प्रयोग कभी भी plural form में नहीं होता।

(a) He gave me two hundred-rupees notes. (rupees को rupee में परिवर्तित करें)

(b) He stays in five- stars hotels. (stars को star में परिवर्तित करें)




1. The ten-rupees coins were scattered all over the floor.
The ten-rupee coins were scattered all over the floor. (rupees को rupee में परिवर्तित करें)

2. There are twenty-minutes breaks between classes.
There are twenty-minute breaks between classes. (minute को plural में न करें)

3. They bought three five-stars hotels.
They bought three five-star hotels. (stars को star में परिवर्तित करें)

Rule 7

कुछ nouns का प्रयोग लोग बोल-चाल की भाषा में करते है लेकिन वास्तव में उनका प्रयोग करना बिलकुल गलत होता है।

1. Cousin brother or Cousin sister (wrong)
Cousin

2. Pickpocketer (wrong)
Pickpocket

3. Good name (wrong)
Name

4. Big/small blunder (wrong)
Blunder (Blunder का अर्थ होता है बड़ी भूल। अतः big का प्रयोग

5. Strong breeze (wrong)
Strong wind (Breeze हमेशा light एवं gentle होता है)

6. Bad dream
Nightmare

A निम्नलिखित nouns में भी हमें confusion रहता है -
1. Floor = फर्श
Ground = जमीन

2. Skill = सीख कर प्राप्त करते है
Talent = Inborn (जन्म से होता है)

3. Envy = ईष्या जो दूसरो के चीज़ो का देख कर हो
Jealously = ईष्या जो अपनी चीज़ो के खोने के डर से हो

Rule 8

कुछ Nouns जो अर्थ में तो Plural होते हैं लेकिन यदि इनके पूर्व किसी निश्चित संख्यात्मक विशेषण (Definite numeral adjective) का प्रयोग किया जाता है तो इन Noun को Pluralise नहीं किया जाता है।
examples:
Pair, score, gross, stone, hundred, dozen, thousand, million, billion etc.


Pair
1. I bought **two pair** of shoes from the sale.
2. She owns **three pair** of earrings.
3. He gifted me **two pair** of sunglasses.
4. They have **five pair** of jeans in their closet.
5. I packed **four pair** of socks for the trip.

---

### 2. **Score** (1 score = 20)
1. The army lost **two score** men in the battle.
2. He has written **three score** poems.
3. **One score** people attended the event.
4. The field can hold **five score** sheep.
5. They planted **four score** trees last month.

---

### 3. **Gross** (1 gross = 144)
1. The factory produced **two gross** pens.
2. He ordered **one gross** of pencils.
3. We sold **three gross** of eggs last week.
4. The company exported **four gross** shirts.
5. They received **half a gross** of candles.

---

### 4. **Stone** (1 stone = 14 pounds, UK weight unit)
1. He weighs **eleven stone** now.
2. She lost **two stone** after dieting.
3. The boxer is **twelve stone** heavy.
4. He gained **one stone** over the holidays.
5. I need to lose **three stone** before the wedding.

---

### 5. **Hundred / Dozen / Thousand / Million / Billion**
(इन सभी का प्रयोग एक जैसे होता है, यहाँ कुछ मिश्रित उदाहरण दिए गए हैं:)

1. He bought **three dozen** bananas.
2. The book sold over **two million** copies.
3. They donated **five hundred** blankets.
4. We saw **one thousand** people at the concert.
5. The company earned **ten billion** dollars last year.

---






लेकिन यदि इनके साथ Indefinite countable का प्रयोग हो तो इन्हें Pluralise किया जाता है।

जैसे: dozens of women, hundreds of people, millions of dollars, scores of shops, many pairs of shoes etc.

जैसे:

(a) Hundreds of people came to see the fair.

(b) He donated millions of rupees.


बिलकुल सही! आपने जो नियम बताया है — जब इन शब्दों के साथ **indefinite countables** (जैसे: many, some, several, a few, etc.) का प्रयोग होता है, तो इन्हें **plural** किया जाता है — वह बिल्कुल उचित है।

अब मैं उसी आधार पर आपके दिए हुए nouns (pair, score, gross, stone, hundred, dozen, thousand, million, billion) पर प्रत्येक के लिए **5-5 वाक्य** दे रहा हूँ जिनमें ये **pluralised** हैं:

---

### 1. **Pairs**
1. She has **many pairs** of earrings.
2. We saw **several pairs** of birds flying together.
3. I packed **a few pairs** of socks.
4. He bought **dozens of pairs** of shoes from abroad.
5. There are **plenty of pairs** of gloves in the drawer.

---

### 2. **Scores**
1. **Scores of people** gathered at the protest.
2. We visited **scores of shops** during the sale.
3. **Many scores** of soldiers marched past.
4. There are **scores of options** to choose from.
5. He received **scores of messages** on his birthday.

---

### 3. **Grosses**
1. The company shipped **several grosses** of pens.
2. We ordered **three or four grosses** of notebooks.
3. There were **many grosses** of lightbulbs in the store.
4. He sold **multiple grosses** of toys last month.
5. They produced **a few grosses** of batteries this week.

---

### 4. **Stones**
(Note: "Stones" is rarely pluralised in this context, but for general plural use, like physical stones or units in separate references, here are contextual examples.)

1. He lost weight in **stones**, not pounds.
2. They lifted **many stones** to build the wall.
3. **Several stones** were used for the sculpture.
4. The wrestler weighs **over twenty stones**.
5. The basket was filled with **various stones**.

---

### 5. **Hundreds / Dozens / Thousands / Millions / Billions**
1. **Hundreds of people** came to the concert.
2. **Dozens of flowers** bloomed in the garden.
3. **Thousands of fans** were cheering in the stadium.
4. **Millions of dollars** were invested in the project.
5. **Billions of stars** shine in the galaxy.

---

अगर आप चाहें तो मैं इन सभी वाक्यों का हिंदी अनुवाद भी कर सकता हूँ।

Rule 9

यदि किसी Noun के बाद Preposition का प्रयोग हो और फिर वहीं 'Noun' repeat हो तो वह 'Noun'
Singular form में होना चाहिए। जैसे:

जैसे:
(a) Town after town was devastated.

(b) Row upon row of marble looks beautiful.

(c) He enquired from door to door.

(d) Ship after ship is arriving.


बिलकुल! इस structure में जब किसी noun के बाद preposition (जैसे *after*, *upon*, *by*, *to* आदि) आता है और फिर वही noun दोबारा आता है, तो उस noun को singular form में ही रखा जाता है। ये एक literary pattern है जो repetition और emphasis दिखाने के लिए प्रयोग होता है।

यहाँ 12 और उदाहरण दिए गए हैं:

1. Tree after tree was uprooted by the storm.
2. Page after page of the book is fascinating.
3. Village after village was burned during the war.
4. Step by step, he climbed the mountain.
5. Layer upon layer of paint was applied.
6. Hour after hour passed without any news.
7. Stone upon stone was laid to build the wall.
8. Room after room was checked by the police.
9. Day after day, she waited for his letter.
10. Bird after bird flew across the sky.
11. Coin upon coin was collected in the jar.
12. Door after door was painted red.

अगर चाहो तो मैं और भी examples दे सकता हूँ या किसी specific noun के साथ examples बना सकता हूँ।

Rule 10

Common Gender Nouns जैसे: Teacher, student, child, clerk, advocate, worker, writer, leader, musician etc. ऐसे nouns हैं जिनका प्रयोग male एवं female दोनों के लिए किया जाता है। इन्हें Dual Gender भी कहा जाता है। जब इस तरह के Noun का प्रयोग Singular में किया जाता है तो सामान्यतः he/his/him का प्रयोग किया जाता है। जैसेः

(1) Every leader should perform his duty.

(2) A teacher should perform his duty sincerely.



बिलकुल! नीचे दिए गए Common Gender Nouns (Dual Gender) के प्रत्येक उदाहरण पर 5-5 वाक्य दिए गए हैं। हर वाक्य में Noun का प्रयोग Singular में किया गया है, इसलिए pronoun **he/his/him** का प्रयोग किया गया है:

---

### 1. **Teacher**
1. A teacher should respect his students.
2. A teacher must prepare his lessons in advance.
3. A teacher should understand his responsibilities.
4. A teacher helps his students grow.
5. A teacher dedicates his time to education.

---

### 2. **Student**
1. A student must focus on his studies.
2. A student should complete his homework on time.
3. A student needs to manage his time well.
4. A student must obey his teachers.
5. A student should express his doubts clearly.

---

### 3. **Child**
1. A child learns from his surroundings.
2. A child needs love and care from his family.
3. A child expresses his feelings freely.
4. A child should respect his elders.
5. A child enjoys playing with his friends.

---

### 4. **Clerk**
1. A clerk must organize his files properly.
2. A clerk should be punctual in his duties.
3. A clerk handles his responsibilities carefully.
4. A clerk updates his records regularly.
5. A clerk must communicate his work status to his manager.

---

### 5. **Advocate**
1. An advocate must present his case with confidence.
2. An advocate should know his client's background well.
3. An advocate must use his knowledge of the law wisely.
4. An advocate should listen to his client attentively.
5. An advocate argues his case before the judge.

---

अगर आप चाहें तो मैं बाकी Common Gender Nouns (जैसे: worker, writer, leader, musician आदि) पर भी ऐसे वाक्य बना सकता हूँ। बताइए, आगे बढ़ें?